IPV4 Sub netsTutorial

Start > CMD > ipconfig

IPV6 Addresses was introduced to provide large address space

IPv6 Testing Tools

Check your IPv6 address formatting is correct

• Check if the IPv6 address you are using is valid and properly formatted IPv6

Check your IPv6 connectivity from this website (Sydney)

• Ping an address or host using both IPv6 and IPv4
• Trace your network route to an IPv6 address or host

Check your IPv6 connectivity from ipv6-test.com (USA)

• Check your IPv6 and IPv4 connectivity
• Compare the ping latency of your IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity from around the world
• Compare the broadband speed of your IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity from around the world

Check Internet Service Provider IPv6 readiness

For full IPv6 connectivity, service providers need to set up IPv6-addressed nameservers, AAAA ('quad-A') address records, AAAA mail exchange records and allow website access over IPv6.

• Check IPv6 nameservers, AAAA & MX records and website (ready.chair6.net)
• IPv6 DNS, mail exchange and website connectivity (ip6-nl)
• AAAA records and website IPv6 connectivity (ipv6-test.com)

Check your IPv6 Path Maximum Transmission Unit

If a host sends IPv6 packets that are too big for part of its route, it should get a Packet Too Big message so it can re-transmit the data in smaller packets. If that message doesn't get back (e.g. firewalls, mis-configured routers) it can affect IPv6 connectivity. 

• Quick test for Path MTU issues with the IPv6 Chicken
• Check for Path MTU discovery problems (wand.net.nz)

Subnetting Worksheet

Host IP Address 172.30.1.33  (Class B)
Network Mask 255.255.0.0 (Defaut for Class B)
Network Address  172.30.0.0
Network Broadcast Address  172.30.255.255
Total Number of Host Bits 16
Subnets 1
Hosts per subnet : 254
Number of Hosts  65534 (254 x 254)
Host Address range 172.30.0.1 - 172.30.255.254




Host IP Address 172.30.1.33
Network Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Address 172.30.1.0
Network Broadcast Address  172.30.1.255
Subnets 256
Hosts per subnet : 254
Total Number of Host Bits 8
Number of Hosts
Host Address range 172.30.1.1 - 172.30.1.254


Host IP Address 192.168.10.234 (Class C)
Network Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Address 192.168.10.0
Network Broadcast Address 192.168.10.255
Total Number of Host Bits 8
Number of Hosts 254


Host IP Address 172.17.99.71 (Class B)
Network Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address 172.17.0.0
Network Broadcast Address 172.17.255.255
Total Number of Host Bits 16
Number of Hosts 65534


Host IP Address 192.168.3.219 (C)
Network Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address
Network Broadcast Address
Total Number of Host Bits
Number of Hosts

Host IP Address 192.168.3.219
Network Mask 255.255.255.224
Network Address  192.168.3.
Network Broadcast Address
Total Number of Host Bits  5
Number of Hosts 30
Host Range : 192.168.3.97 - 192.168.3.126

Top Web Security Risks

• SQL Injection
• Improper Neutralization of SQL Command
• 
  
• OS Command Injection 
• Improper Neutralization of OS Commands
• 
  
• Cross-site Scripting
• Improper Neutralization of Inputs During Web Page Generation
• 
  
• Open Redirect
• URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
• 
  
• Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
• 
  
• Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Network Security Vulnerabilities

• Operating Systems—Windows, Unix/Linux, MAC

• Applications—Cross-platform, including web, database, Peer-to-Peer, instant messaging, media
players, DNS servers, backup software, and management servers

• Network Devices—Network infrastructure devices (routers, switches, etc.), VoIP devices

• Human Elements—Security policies, human behavior, personnel issues

• Special Section—Security issues not related to any of the above categories

http://www.sans.org